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Circular economy in agricultural production in Vietnam and proposed solutions to promote
In the context that the effects of climate change have been having serious impacts on many fields with a global scale, resources are increasingly limited, Vietnam's agricultural industry needs to transform its production model towards a weekly economy. It creates more economic and welfare values, uses less input materials, reduces the amount of waste released into the environment, contributes to pollution control and sustainable development.
Situation and causes of environmental pollution from agricultural production activities
In recent years, the Agriculture sector has created jobs and increased people's incomes. However, the overuse of inorganic fertilizers, pesticides in cultivation and the amount of waste from livestock are threatening the quality of the environment. According to statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the whole country currently has about 12 million households with livestock activities and 23,500 concentrated livestock farms. In which, the most popular is pig raising (about 4 million households) and poultry (nearly 8 million households), with a total herd of about 362 million poultry, 29 million pigs and 8 million cattle, each year with a volume of waste sources from livestock production into the environment - about 84.5 million tons/year, of which, only about 20% are effectively used (for biogas, composting, worm farming, fish feeding,...), the remaining 80% of livestock waste has been wasted, most of which is discharged into the environment, polluting water, air and damaging soil.
In addition, according to the Vietnam Agricultural Pollution Overview Report conducted by the World Bank, livestock activities are a major source of Ammonia (NH3 ) emissions into the environment. Currently, the number of livestock herds is increasing significantly, which will also cause increasing NH3 emissions. The strongest increase was caused by the group of pigs and poultry. Statistics also show that, in the Northern region, the level of dirty water pollution caused by coliforms from small livestock farms is many times higher than the level allowed. permission; The concentration of ammonia in the exhaust gas is 7-18 times higher than the permissible level and the hydrogen sulfide level is 5-50 times higher than the permissible level.
In addition, the increase in the output of agricultural products in farming activities leads to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other plant protection chemicals. Some research results have shown that, in farming activities (coffee growing in the Central Highlands), the majority of farmers are using excessive fertilizers to maximize crop yields. . Survey results of the Mekong Delta Development Research Institute in the past year in Kien Giang and An Giang provinces show that, in rice cultivation, most farmers use fertilizers 20-30 times higher than necessary. %, seriously affecting the soil environment.
In addition, agricultural by-products are also an environmental issue that needs attention. In recent years, the phenomenon of burning agricultural by-products in rice, coffee and maize cultivation has caused local air pollution in some localities. 98% of farmers surveyed in the Mekong Delta burned straw after winter-spring crop, 90% burned after summer and 54% burned after autumn-winter. Burning plant residues is a popular method for post-harvest waste removal because it is an inexpensive and quick method. However, this activity produces pollutants that affect health and emit greenhouse gases: SO2, nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), black carbon, organic carbon (OC), gases methane (CH4), volatile organic compounds carbon dioxide (VOC), nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC), ozone (O3).
Thus, facing the challenges of environmental pollution from agricultural production, the application of the eco-economy in agricultural production can solve the problem, both creating safe and high-quality products and minimizing waste. costs, losses and waste to the environment. This is a big difference with the traditional economy, which is only interested in exploiting resources to maximize output, creating a huge amount of waste causing environmental pollution.
Some applicationsKTTH in agricultural production
The application of the macroeconomy is a sustainable development trend to achieve both goals: Responding to the depletion of input resources and environmental pollution in the output development. Developing a knowledge-based economy in agricultural production will help improve production and business efficiency by reducing the cost of using natural resources (reducing the cost of water use, reuse of discarded waste, treatment of biogas helps reduce fuel costs…). For agricultural production, ECO is applied to production models that reduce, reuse, recycle and recover materials in production processes at different levels.
Currently in our country, the eco-economy in agricultural production has been applied in development in models such as: farm garden - pond - barn (VAC) or garden - pond - barn-forest (VACR) or garden - pond – barn – biogas (VACB)
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